Historical Dining Cutlery Fabrication

Used in

• Chapter 2 The City Is a Mine
• Chapter 3 The Knife
• Chapter 4 Copper, Wood and Stone
• Chapter 17 The Table

The rows that check it

• 10 confirmed
• 3 amended
• 2 unresolved
• 1 dropped
• 7 marked for safety

• I47 amended Safety Pewter and old solder carry lead, up to 40 % in ley pewter; reject above 1.8 % Pb by the density test
• K47 dropped Safety Oral edge: no tine or rim left sharp; mouth-contact roughness under 10 µm, 400 grit; a steel spoon is tinned or it rusts in the mouth; tine spring 5 to 8 N
• W1 confirmed Safety Cu-ETP (wire, 200 to 400 ppm oxygen) blisters and crumbles above about 370 °C in a reducing fire; only Cu-DHP pipe goes in the charcoal forge
• W49 amended Safety Pewter: fine 95 to 99 % Sn with 1 to 4 % Cu; trifle 80 to 85 % Sn with 10 to 15 % Pb; ley 20 to 40 % Pb; reject above 1.8 % Pb; pre-1986 solders 50/50 and 60/40; lead-free since …
• W50 amended Safety Lead assay: density (Sn 7.29, Pb 11.34 g/cm³, so 1.8 % Pb is about 1 % denser than tin), tin cry, streak on paper, melt (tin 232 °C, Sn-Pb eutectic 183 °C at 61.9 % Sn)
• W52 unresolved Safety Hot-dip tinning: 15 to 20 kg tin bath, 25 mm flux blanket of tallow with sal ammoniac, dwell 60 to 90 s; the same document offers 80 % ZnCl2 / 20 % NH4Cl and bars zinc chloride …
• T59 unresolved Safety Horn: boil 60 to 90 min, strip 18 by 4.5 cm by 3 mm in hot tallow 15 to 20 min, pressed 10 to 15 min, edge scraped to 1 mm; beaker plugged with a wooden disc (book's own); wash …
• K45 confirmed Spoon: 16 mm rod, 45 mm left full, 9 mm fuller, stem 145 mm from 8 × 4 to 14 × 2.2 mm, leaf 68 × 44 × 1.8 to 2 mm, normalised three times, sunk cold in a 70 × 45 × 14 mm block …
• K46 confirmed Fork: 12 mm square spring steel, 150 mm handle, pad 40 × 50 × 3 mm, three slits 8 mm apart with a 2 mm chisel, 4 mm web, tines 4.5 mm drawn from 50 to 65 mm, tips rounded, …
• K48 confirmed A table of twelve (12 knives, forks, soup spoons, dessert forks, dessert spoons, 260 mm chargers, butter plates, goblets, 4 serving spoons, 2 carving sets, 2 ladles) costs 520 h …
• K49 confirmed Cooper's steels: froe 5160 at 48 to 50 HRC with a 30° edge, axe 22° at 56, hollowing knife W1 tempered 200 °C at 60, jointer 52100 at 60 to 62, croze 58, adze 54 to 56
• K50 confirmed The fork's tines are hardened at 830 °C in warm canola and tempered grey-blue, 345 °C or above, like the broadfork's
• W51 confirmed Soapstone mould (Mohs 1 to 1.5) with four register pins and vents, baked 60 min, chargers 240 to 280 mm, solidify 90 to 120 s, 2.5 % shrinkage, burnished with Equisetum …
• W54 confirmed Shrinkage by species: 143 gives oak T 7.5 to 9.0 / R 4.0 to 4.5, sycamore 8.0 to 8.5 / 3.0 to 3.5, linden 8.8 to 9.2 / 5.2 to 5.5; 147 gives oak 8.6 / 4.0, sycamore 9.9 / 4.8, …
• T45 confirmed The fork: Maria Argyropoulina married the Doge's son 1004, died two years later, Peter Damian's rebuke; Thomas Coryate 1608 mocked as furcifer; Richelieu 1639 (story); French …
• T46 confirmed A table of twelve in forged steel and pewter costs about 520 smith-hours and 340 kg charcoal

In the Index

Iron and steel Tools and their making The table Berlin and Brandenburg