The Index · A subject

The cow

The cow on sand, with her grass, her calf, her milk and, at the end, her meat.

18 documents · 4 chapters · 53 rows

In the chapters

Chapter 6 The Five-Year Conversation
The Story: The Honest Broker's ox
Chapter 8 The Cow, the Pig and the Hen
The Story: The cow of the Mark
At the Bench: 1. A hay budget for one cow
Chapter 9 The Hardest Chapter
The Story: The cow's last morning
At the Bench: 1. The cow's last morning Safety
Chapter 14 Milk into Cheese
The Story: The cow's arithmetic
At the Bench: 2. Rennet from a calf Safety

Documents 18

Letters

The cow is a village animal

In the log 53

35 confirmed
11 amended
3 partly confirmed
4 unresolved
11 marked for safety

A1 amended Safety Zoonoses: Germany brucellosis-free 2000, bovine TB-free 1997, worthless without testing; Q fever in the Mark; Listeria from silage and soft cheese kills the unborn; …
A10 amended Safety Lidocaine max 8–10 mg/kg cattle, 4–6 mg/kg sheep and goats; cornual block 5–10 ml of 2 % solution, 10 min; the one drug worth keeping with calcium
A12 amended Safety Calving: intervene after two hours of stage II without progress; chain double half-hitch above and below fetlock; pull straight back then down to hocks; two to three …
A13 amended Safety Colostrum 3–4 l (10 % BW) within 2 h, second feed at 12 h, gut closure absolute by 24–36 h; calf that missed it scours and dies in week three; scours: 1 l warm water, …
A6 amended Safety Milk fever: down day after calving, cold ears, head to flank; calcium borogluconate under skin in four sites warmed to blood heat, up in an hour; Schmidt 1897 udder …
A8 amended Safety Acorns poison cattle and sheep (kidney), pigs and goats tolerant; antidote 10 % hydrated lime in feed; the Broker's answer a fence
B10 amended Safety Specified risk material: cattle >12 months skull, brain, eyes, spinal cord, tonsils; >30 months vertebral column; intestines all ages; cord lifted out with a hooked …
B12 unresolved Safety Hoist: gambrel through hind tendons, four-fall block and tackle, beam or larch tripod rated for a tonne, three people on the rope; a gutted 500 kg cow still ~300 kg; …
B18 amended Safety Hanging without a chiller: industry ≤7 °C core within 20–24 h; yard 0–4 °C 7–10 days, 10 °C 3 days, above 15 do not kill; flies stop below 10 °C, muslin door, halves not …
B3 amended Safety Cartridge colours differ by maker, read the box; too light a charge the commonest failure; spring (non-penetrating) bolt fails on 29 % of bulls, not for cattle, adequate …
M9 amended Safety Calf vell: salt at 15 % of its weight plus half its weight in water, 18 to 21 °C, 3 to 7 days; dry below 21 °C; grind 1:8 in sour whey with 4 to 5 % salt; keeps 6 months …
G25 confirmed Manure analyses dry weight: poultry 3.03 % N, cattle FYM 0.5 %, sheep 3 %; poultry loses ammonia unless bulked with carbon and releases N in the first 30 days
G27 confirmed Sir Albert Howard at Indore 1924 to 1931, the Indore process, An Agricultural Testament 1940; his measure was the health of the oxen
F56 confirmed Flail ~20 kg/h; winnowing air 3–4.5 m/s; EROEI budget (130 h/acre, 490 kcal/h, 16,204 MJ/acre, 58:1; horses 6 h, oxen 10 h; feed 80/60 MJ/d; 0.28/0.37; 15 acres; "starve …
A22 confirmed German (and Brandenburg) soils selenium-poor, feed supplementation supplies eggs and pork; phytate halves zinc absorption from whole-grain diets; inland goitre, iodised …
A23 confirmed 86 % of livestock feed human-inedible; ruminants 2.8 kg human-edible feed per kg meat and 0.6 kg human-edible protein returned per kg eaten; FCR live weight chicken …
A24 amended Rumen ~150 l, microbial fermentation and the cow digesting the microbes; ~40,000 chews a day; DMI 3–3.5 % BW, 650 kg → 19.5–22.75 kg, 450 kg → 12–16 kg; rumen movement …
A26 confirmed Deutsches Schwarzbuntes Niederungsrind: village cow of Brandenburg and Pomerania 1880s–1960s, dual-purpose, 4,000–5,000 kg at 4 % fat; Holstein absorption in the West …
A27 partly confirmed Carl Bolle, ice fortune, Meierei C. Bolle 1881 Alt-Moabit, horse carts with bell and boy (Bolle-Jungen), pasteurisation, infant mortality tied to summer milk, milk …
A29 confirmed 118's maintenance: 650 kg cow 76.28 MJ ME/day, 27,842 MJ/yr, 2,651 kg DM, 11,200 kg DM/ha × 60 % = 0.394 ha; no production, family, village or sand figure
A32 confirmed Winter 165 days (1 Nov–15 Apr) at 12–13 kg hay = 2 t hay at 15 % water; hay meadow on sand two cuts 3–4 t/ha = 0.6–0.8 ha; whole about 2 ha per cow; heifer adds half; …
A33 confirmed Family of four on sand: garden 1,000 m², rye 1,200 + seed, potatoes 150 + 550 for pig, lupin fifth of arable, orchard 0.25 ha, pasture 1.2, meadow 0.6, heifer 0.9, pig …
A34 confirmed Village of 300 ≈ 75 households, 40 cows, 80 ha of Luch meadow; villages sited on sand islands at the meadow edge; one herd, one herdsman, Gemeindebulle paid by the head; …
A35 confirmed Hand milking: a litre a minute, 15 l cow = quarter hour each end, an hour a day with washing and cooling; full-hand technique (thumb and forefinger trap, three fingers …
A36 confirmed Cow calendar: 21-day cycle, 18 h standing heat, ovulation 24–32 h after onset, serve on the second day; gestation 283 days; calving interval 365–390; re-served 2–3 …
A37 confirmed Half of 6,000 kg to cheese leaves ~4 t whey (100 kg milk → ~10 kg cheese + 90 kg whey); finishing pig drinks 10–15 l whey a day = about a third of its energy; a cheese …
A56 confirmed Turn: Red List breeds with per-head subsidy; water buffalo on the Tegeler Fließ, Heck cattle at Hobrechtsfelde for the birds; hens legal in Berlin gardens, a hundred …
A57 confirmed Bench 1: girth 190 cm ≈ 550 kg lowland cow; winter 1 Nov–15 Apr = 165 days; hay 2–2.3 % BW as fed; a fifth for waste (43 says 15–20 %)
A62 confirmed Cattle at 650 kg compact and destabilise sand; small ruminants preferred on the sand
A64 confirmed Bunte Deutsche Edelziege standard 1928; goat milk fat globules half the cow's size, no agglutinin, no cream line; a fifth of fat short-chain
A80 partly confirmed Hedersleben 1865: 337 ill, 101 dead from one pig; untreated trichinellosis case fatality 15 to 30 per cent; 148's cow (6 t milk, 490 kg beef on 1.5 ha) is 117's goat …
B27 confirmed Hausschlachtung conditions: own household consumption only, Anmeldung to the Veterinäramt, stunning by permitted method by a competent person, Fleischuntersuchung for …
B31 confirmed Cow's last morning: 12–24 h off feed with water; tied short, head at hip height; handler at the shoulder is not the shooter; gun behind her line of sight
B32 confirmed Calf for rennet (Ch 14): under two weeks, milk-fed only, same gun lightest cartridge, throat stick, ~20 kg meat, vell salted and hung the same hour
B38 confirmed German seam cuts and uses: Hals/Kamm goulash and Kochfleisch; Bug: Schaufelstück, Falsches Filet, dicker Bug (Sauerbraten); Hochrippe roast; Querrippe and Brust …
B39 confirmed Cow counted: 500 kg lowland cow dresses ~54 % → ~270 kg carcass, ~175 kg boneless, 40 kg bone, 30–40 kg fat; 175 kg = four people's German annual beef; quartered among …
B44 confirmed Blood sausage / Grützwurst: per litre blood 1 kg boiled rind and head meat, 300 g scalded back-fat dice, 18 g salt/kg of whole, marjoram, pepper, allspice, boiled barley …
B53 confirmed The year: cow a village, 45 kg a house; pig a household; second spring pig harder to keep; 50 hens a year (old hens and cockerels of Ch 8), the only fresh meat …
B54 confirmed Fat: cow 30–40 kg fat and 40 kg bone; pig 12 kg fat and 10 kg bone; render within 12 h or hold ≤7 °C (Reg 853/2004); suet 86–90 % lipid, trim 62–76 %; dry rendering …
B56 confirmed Tallow melts 45–50 °C; candle: twisted linen/cotton wick dipped 20–30 times in wet-rendered tallow, slumps in August; potash soft soap hardened by boiling with salt …
B58 confirmed Bone meal: spent bones burned in a wood fire to white and crumbling (needs >600 °C; 62 gives calcination stages), pounded and sieved; bone ash ~a third P2O5 (62's "up to …
B61 confirmed Hide area: 4–5 m² per cow; apron ~0.5 m², boots ~1 m²; pig skin better eaten (hard to degrease, tans badly at home); brain tan one brain per hide, warm paste, stretched …
M13 confirmed Calf under 2 weeks, 90 to 95 % chymosin; older calves give bitter cheese
M16 confirmed Cow on grass and hay 4,000 to 6,000 litres a year; goat 700 to 1,000
M17 confirmed 10 litres of cow's milk to 1 kg hard cheese, 6 of ewe's; a cow's year as 200 kg cheese and 100 kg butter; cheese 3,000 to 4,000 kcal/kg and a week's calcium
M35 unresolved A Bavarian cheese factory "the size of an airport", "forty thousand cows", "farmhouse" on the label
J15 confirmed Reconciliation: 1.5 ha of the household's own (goats, pig, hens) feeds four; a cow needs 2.7 ha of Luch that is the village's (Ch 8's 3.2 ha); plus 1.5 ha coppice (Ch 1) …
J29 confirmed 122 is an industrial model (1,000 covers, 2,000 l milk, 20 cows, 30 pigs, 200 hens); its farm figures cite "unknown_url"; no per-person or per-animal litres; roof yield …
J30 unresolved Animal water (own): cow in milk 60–100 l/day, more in July; goat 5–10; pig 8–15 by weight; laying hen ~0.3 l; house dairy wash 20–40 l/day; household with goats ~300 …
J35 partly confirmed 131's village: 60 households, 300 people, ~3,450 acres, five specialist households (smith, miller/baker, cheesemaker/herdsman, wright, forester/collier); surplus ratio …
J36 confirmed Ch 8's village: 75 households, 40 cows, 80 ha Luch; "the same village"; the specialists set the threshold, not the land
J37 confirmed Book's own village of 300 on sand with modern seed: 75 × 1.5 ha = 112 ha arable/clover; 75 × 1.5 ha coppice = 112 ha + smith's 10; 80 ha Luch; oxen 10 ha; green, pond, …
J39 unresolved Order of specialists: herdsman (paid by the head, since settlement), miller, smith, cheesemaker (40 cows, 100 l/day), potter (Ch 17), cooper, wright, tanner (Ch 9), …