THRIVING after the FALL

The Index · A subject

The field and the rotation

The rotation, the plough and the scythe, and how the arable is worked year after year.

26 documents · 4 chapters · 51 rows

In the chapters

Documents 26

Sources

  • Primary Thaer, Grundsätze der rationellen Landwirthschaft (1809 to 1812)

All the sources

In the log 51

  • 39 confirmed
  • 7 amended
  • 2 partly confirmed
  • 3 unresolved
  • 6 marked for safety
  • I47 amended Safety Pewter and old solder carry lead, up to 40 % in ley pewter; reject above 1.8 % Pb by the density test
  • W49 amended Safety Pewter: fine 95 to 99 % Sn with 1 to 4 % Cu; trifle 80 to 85 % Sn with 10 to 15 % Pb; ley 20 to 40 % Pb; reject above 1.8 % Pb; pre-1986 solders 50/50 and 60/40; …
  • G10 amended Safety The Rieselfelder soils are contaminated with cadmium, lead and other metals and much of the land is still unsafe for food crops; Hobrechtsfelde is grazed to keep metals …
  • G4 amended Safety Urine: sterile on leaving the body, hydrolyses to ammonia in a day or two; store a month closed, dilute 1:10, apply to soil not leaves, a month before harvest, never on …
  • A5 amended Safety Bloat: wet clover on empty stomach, left flank, kills in an hour; walk, stick across mouth, 0.5 l vegetable oil or paraffin; trocar at highest point left flank, a hand …
  • A7 amended Safety Nitrate NO3-N ppm DM: <1,500 safe; 1,500–5,000 half the ration with safe hay; 5,000–9,000 a third; >9,000 never; frosted, drought-stressed or over-manured green crops; …
  • H40 confirmed Coppice for a village of 300: about 100 ha hornbeam and field maple, 1.5 ha per household, up to 100 oaks per ha, 20 parcels of 5 ha, fence 3 years
  • K43 confirmed Peening: blows a millimetre apart, two passes, blade cold, morning; hone every few minutes in the field
  • G20 confirmed VDLUFA humus ledger: cabbage and vegetables −1,000, potatoes and roots −760, winter rye −280, grain legumes +160, clover-grass and vetch +600 to +1,400 kg humus-C/ha/yr; …
  • G21 confirmed Thünen study: organic rotations up to 39 % clover-grass and legumes against 11 % conventional, reaching similar humus levels
  • G35 confirmed Raw char immobilises nitrogen; charge by co-composting at 5 to 15 % of volume (absorbs ammonia) or by soaking in diluted urine; field rate 10 to 20 t/ha on sand (1 to 2 …
  • G37 confirmed Blue lupin fixes 150 to 180 kg N/ha, about 80 % Ndfa, peak about 110 days after sowing, taproot 2.5 to 3 m, 70 to 100 plants/m², acid sand pH 5.0 to 6.8; white and …
  • G38 confirmed Winter rye plus hairy vetch sown by mid-September; winter cover cuts N leaching 39 to 54 %; crimp at rye anthesis and vetch full bloom in late May, before 50 % anthesis …
  • F11 confirmed Thaer, Grundsätze der rationellen Landwirthschaft 1809–1812; Fruchtwechsel vs three-field
  • F12 confirmed Norfolk four-course (turnip, barley, clover, wheat) doubled yields on East Anglian sands, 18th c.
  • F13 confirmed Five-year rotation lupin→cabbage→carrot→potato→rye with the stated cover crops and dates
  • F14 confirmed Lupin 150–180 kg N/ha, peak ~110 days, 80 % Ndfa; root 2.5–3 m; protein 21–27 %; harvest late Aug; rye+vetch by mid-Sep; leaching −39 to −54 %
  • F15 confirmed Humus ledger figures (cabbage −1000, potato −760, rye −280, lupin +160, clover 600–1400; −75 kg floor)
  • F19 confirmed Von Sengbusch, Müncheberg 1928, screened ~1.5 million plants for alkaloid-free lupins; sweet white/yellow lost to anthracnose late 1990s; blue survives (Haags Blaue, …
  • F20 confirmed Lupin sowing mid-Mar–early Apr, 70–100 plants/m², Haags Blaue 8.4 g/100 seeds → ~7 g/m²
  • F22 confirmed Barbarea vulgaris G-type trap crop for flea beetle and diamondback; net <1 mm
  • F24 confirmed Carrot bed 2–3 cm tillage, Apr–Jul sowing; Landsberger Gemenge 20–35 dt/ha DM by spring
  • F62 confirmed Lift at 50 to 70 % tops down (134: 70 %), field-dry 48 to 72 h, cure 14 to 21 days (134: 10 to 14) at 24 to 27 °C max 32, 60 to 70 % RH never over 75, necks 3 to 4 cm; …
  • F63 confirmed Kitchen garden for four: 25 beds of 12 m² = 300 m², 18 crops, 1,255 kg a year after a 35 % margin (15 storage, 12 pests, 8 trimming), 225 to 255 h (70 Feb to Apr, 85 May …
  • F64 confirmed Crop yields kg/m²: cabbage 6.5 to 9.3, kale 4.4 to 6.6, swede 10 to 15, beetroot 4.8 to 7.2, carrot 5 to 8, parsnip 5.5 to 8.8, squash 2.6 to 4.6, peas 2 to 3, lettuce …
  • F67 confirmed Clubroot spores 10 to 20 years, favoured pH 5.2 to 5.8, suppressed 7.2 to 7.6, brassica pause 6 to 7 years (133 also says six and eight), ash four weeks before …
  • F74 confirmed Linum rice trial: 2021 drilled crop lost to frost; 2023 3.5 ha, 326,000 greenhouse seedlings, waterfowl took up to 40 %, combines sank
  • F75 confirmed Flax after rye in Thaer's 6 to 7-year rotation with lupin or serradella; seed 130 to 150 kg/ha, 1.0 to 1.5 cm, rows 7.5 to 10 cm, 1,800 to 2,200 stems/m², weed once at 5 …
  • F77 confirmed Second-round disagreements printed in the Broker's paragraph: onion consumption 30 (132) vs 12 kg/person (134); curing 14 to 21 (132) vs 10 to 14 days (134); onion seed …
  • O45 confirmed Handstrauß § 39 Abs. 3 BNatSchG: hand's worth / modest basket; no roots; reserves and fields excluded; fines to €50,000
  • A18 confirmed Plant diet gap: rye 1.5 % fat, potato and cabbage near none; working body 60–80 g fat a day, child a larger share; the rotation gives about 10 g
  • A19 partly confirmed Rapeseed ~40 % oil, home screw press recovers about a third of seed weight; 70 kg oil = 250 kg seed = 0.1 ha of best sand; flax and hemp lower and rancid faster; blue …
  • A20 confirmed Rye and potato lysine-limited, lupin and bean sulphur-amino-acid-limited; grain-plus-pulse complementarity; higher need in under-fives, pregnancy, convalescence
  • A31 confirmed Brandenburg sand grassland 3–5 t DM/ha unfertilised, 5–7 with manure and clover; 60 % grazing utilisation; 200 grazing days × 18 kg = 3.6 t = 1.2 ha
  • A33 confirmed Family of four on sand: garden 1,000 m², rye 1,200 + seed, potatoes 150 + 550 for pig, lupin fifth of arable, orchard 0.25 ha, pasture 1.2, meadow 0.6, heifer 0.9, pig …
  • A60 confirmed Plantain and chicory roots reach nearly 2 m; milk on such a ley 12 to 19 µg iodine per 100 g, egg 23 to 43 µg (Norwegian and British figures, none from Brandenburg)
  • B29 confirmed Field slaughter since 2021: Reg (EU) 2021/1374 amending 853/2004 allows on-farm slaughter of up to three bovines (or six pigs, three solipeds) with a mobile unit; "first …
  • B49 confirmed Hen scald: mature 54–58 °C 60–120 s, young 50–54 (56 gives 50–54 °C 120–210 s soft), >66 °C cooks breast skin; wing-feather pull test; large feathers against the grain, …
  • E28 confirmed Three-year rotation K1/K2/K3, autumn draining through the outlet, harvest at the pit, bed frozen, dried and limed
  • E38 confirmed Sömmerung: drain dry one year in five, lime 200–400 kg/ha, sow oats or vetch, plough in
  • E58 amended Salt fish: lean species only, split, dry salt ¼–⅓ of weight 7–10 days cold, air-dried 2–3 weeks in cold dry months to > 50 % weight loss, keeps a year in a dry loft, …
  • J11 confirmed 117's model: 1.0 ha arable in five 0.2 ha blocks (lupin, cabbage, carrots, potatoes, rye) + 0.5 ha clover grass; 3 goats, 12 hens, 2 pigs
  • J12 confirmed Sand yields: potatoes 20 t/ha, carrots 30, cabbage 30 (70 % edible), rye 30 dt/ha, lupin 20 dt/ha; block outputs 4,000 / 6,000 / 4,200 / 600 / 400 kg; milk 2,100 kg, …
  • J13 partly confirmed Buffers: 200 kg rye and 400 kg lupin to hens, 35 % drought/blight, 10 % seed/spoilage; net ≈ 5,440,000 kcal ≥ 4,000,000; "a subsistence model cannot rely on emergency …
  • J19 unresolved Household year (own): field 1,500–2,000, kitchen ~1,100 (3 h/day), milking ~300 for three goats (twice daily over two lactations), wood 30–50, tools 156, pig 32, …
  • J20 unresolved Three narrows: (1) mid-April to end May: potatoes in, lupin, carrots, cabbage transplant, kidding, garden; (2) June hay, late July rye at yellow ripeness, August second …
  • J21 unresolved Hay: a mower with a peened scythe cuts about a third of a hectare of grass a day; rye 0.2 ha: two days cutting with cradle and binder, one day stooking, a dry week in …
  • J23 confirmed 120's 156.5 h/yr split: daily wipe/oil 65 (0.18 h/day), charcoal 30, forging 15, handles 7.5, canner 1, barrels 4, field honing 15, peening 10, saw filing 9; sharpening …
  • J37 confirmed Book's own village of 300 on sand with modern seed: 75 × 1.5 ha = 112 ha arable/clover; 75 × 1.5 ha coppice = 112 ha + smith's 10; 80 ha Luch; oxen 10 ha; green, pond, …
  • J38 confirmed Hufe in Brandenburg 30–60 Morgen (8–15 ha); a village of 40 Hufen = 400–600 ha of field plus as much wood and Luch; 131's 3,450 acres is the historical village at …
  • J41 confirmed Boserup: born Copenhagen 1910, died 1999; Conditions of Agricultural Growth 1965 (fallow stages, output per hour falls with intensification); Woman's Role in Economic …