Safety

In the chapters

• Chapter 1 The Rhythm of the Hearth
  At the Bench: 1. The fire and the coal bed Safety, 2. A cob oven Safety, 3. A brick rocket stove for the pot Safety, 4. The woodlot year Safety
• Chapter 2 The City Is a Mine
  At the Bench: 1. Reading a pile Safety, 3. The brake drum, the blast and the anvil Safety, 4. Lighting and tending the charcoal fire Safety, 5. Charcoal for the smith Safety
• Chapter 3 The Knife
  At the Bench: 2. A kitchen knife Safety, 4. Peening the scythe Safety, 5. The pan, before the first pour Safety, 6. A fork and a spoon for the table Safety
• Chapter 4 Copper, Wood and Stone
  At the Bench: 1. A saucepan from the pipe Safety, 2. Tinning Safety, 3. A spoon Safety, 4. Dressing a millstone Safety, 5. A batch of rapeseed Safety
• Chapter 5 Making Ground
  At the Bench: 1. A hot heap Safety, 2. Charcoal, made and charged Safety, 5. A slow sand filter Safety, 6. The bucket Safety
• Chapter 6 The Five-Year Conversation
  At the Bench: 2. Rye: sowing, keeping and cleaning Safety, 3. Potatoes Safety, 4. Harvest with the scythe Safety, 5. A chicory roast Safety, 6. A soap for aphids Safety, 8. The hotbed Safety, 9. Vegetable seed: the biennials and the tomato Safety
• Chapter 7 The Orchard and the Wild
  At the Bench: 2. The whip and tongue Safety, 5. Acorn flour Safety
• Chapter 8 The Cow, the Pig and the Hen
  At the Bench: 2. Hand milking Safety, 3. A farrowing pen with a rail and a creep Safety, 4. The pig's ration Safety, 8. Eggs in lime water Safety, 9. Milking a goat, and the kid's first day Safety, 10. Tree hay Safety
• Chapter 9 The Hardest Chapter
  At the Bench: 1. The cow's last morning Safety, 2. Hoisting, legging and the hide Safety, 3. Gutting, splitting and hanging Safety, 4. The pig: stun, stick, blood, scald and scrape Safety, 5. Casings and blood sausage Safety, 6. The hen in the cone Safety, 7. Rendering tallow and lard Safety, 8. Bones: broth and the field Safety, 9. Salting and bark-tanning a hide Safety
• Chapter 10 The Water
  At the Bench: 1. The household pond Safety, 2. The willow eel trap Safety, 4. Killing and bleeding Safety, 5. Scaling, gutting and filleting Safety, 6. Keeping without a refrigerator Safety, 7. Brine and hot smoke Safety
• Chapter 11 Salt
  At the Bench: 2. The three brines Safety, 3. The pink salt and saltpetre Safety
• Chapter 12 Cold and Dark
  At the Bench: 5. The jar Safety
• Chapter 13 Sour
  At the Bench: 1. Sauerkraut, the master recipe for every fermented vegetable Safety, 3. Cider vinegar in the Orléans manner Safety, 4. Sour milk, two ways Safety
• Chapter 14 Milk into Cheese
  At the Bench: 1. From udder to pan Safety, 2. Rennet from a calf Safety, 3. The fresh cheeses Safety, 4. Mozzarella by hand Safety, 5. The wheel, the brine and the cave Safety
• Chapter 15 Drink
  At the Bench: 1. Malt and small ale, with a Weisse variant Safety, 2. Cider Safety, 3. Mead and country wine Safety, 4. The still and the cut Safety, 5. The morning cup Safety
• Chapter 17 The Table
  At the Bench: 1. A wooden plate and bowl from the green log Safety, 2. A pit-fired clay bowl Safety, 3. Candles Safety, 4. Lye from ash Safety, 5. Soft soap Safety, 7. Laying the table Safety, 8. A glass from a bottle Safety, 9. A horn beaker and a horn spoon Safety
• Chapter 18 The Village
  At the Bench: 2. The year on one sheet Safety, 4. The well Safety

Documents 18

• 2b The Forge: Building a Forced-Air Solid-Fuel Forge from Salvaged Materials
• 37 Berlin Wild Edibles Guide
• 46 Bovine Carcass Dressing Guide
• 52 Swine Slaughter and Processing Steps
• 60 Fish Preparation and Safety Guide
• 67 Freezer Root Cellar Conversion Process
• 72 Smokehouse Construction and Thermodynamic Control
• 73 History of Pressure Canning
• 74 Water-Bath Canning Botulism Safety
• 76 Historical Pioneer Lye Extraction
• 78 Off-Grid Water Purification Guide
• 80 Traditional Dairy Processing Protocols
• 86 Botanical Cheese Coagulant Process
• 107 Berlin Herbal Infusion Guide
• 111 Traditional Salami Formulation And Curing
• 135 Brandenburg Mushroom Cultivation and Foraging
• 145 Brandenburg Game Management and Gastronomy
• 152 Freshwater Fish Cookery Research Plan

Sources

• Book Toldrá (ed.), Handbook of Fermented Meat and Poultry
• Regulation Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex II, E 249 to E 252
• Regulation Regulation (EU) 2015/1375 and the Tier-LMHV
• Guide FDA Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance

All the sources

In the log 221

• 63 confirmed
• 123 amended
• 1 partly confirmed
• 29 unresolved
• 5 dropped
• 206 marked for safety

• H1 amended Safety No fire is lit indoors without a chimney; wood smoke is fine particles and CO; three-stone kitchens kill through the lungs; a wood-burning house has twice the fine dust …
• H2 amended Safety Creosote lays down when flue gas cools below about 120 °C; a chimney fire runs at about 1,000 °C, cracks the liner and fires the roof; cures: dry wood, hot fast fires, …
• H3 confirmed Safety Chimney fire response: shut damper and stove door, get everyone out, call for help, do not open the flue; inspection before reuse
• H4 amended Safety Bank a fire only when nothing flames; damper mostly closed; ash a finger thick over the heap; relights after eight hours
• H5 amended Safety Never fire a wet cob oven hard: steam blows the dome apart; cement mortar fails above 300 °C
• H6 amended Safety Rocket stove: never leave unattended; sticks no thicker than a thumb; pot 2 cm above the riser mouth on iron feet
• H7 amended Safety Do not spread stove ash on the woodlot or garden: it carries metals from the city's air
• H8 confirmed Safety Charcoal brazier in the yard for summer cooking, 25 % efficiency; no charcoal burned indoors at all because it makes CO without smoke to warn of it
• I1 confirmed Safety Zinc on galvanised steel boils at red heat; grinding, welding or forging it gives metal fume fever: shivers, metallic taste, fever, nausea in 4 to 10 hours, lasting a …
• I10 unresolved Safety Cast iron drum cracks when water hits it hot or the fire is built against one side; never quench in the drum
• I11 unresolved Safety Manganese (Hadfield) steel: non-magnetic, unhardenable, destroys files and saws; digger teeth, crusher jaws, rail crossings
• I2 confirmed Safety Cadmium plating fume can kill; plating of a colour steel is not is treated as cadmium; a doctor the same day
• I3 amended Safety Carbon monoxide from the charcoal fire kills without smell in an hour at the levels a closed workshop reaches; 400 ppm kills within an hour; forge outdoors or in a shed …
• I4 confirmed Safety Asbestos in every building before 1993 (German ban): floor tiles, pipe lagging, fire doors, corrugated roofs; kills thirty years after; wet down, leave lagging
• I47 amended Safety Pewter and old solder carry lead, up to 40 % in ley pewter; reject above 1.8 % Pb by the density test
• I5 confirmed Safety Lead in old paint, pipes, batteries and flashing; lead fume goes to the bones; chromium plate gives its own fume
• I6 confirmed Safety Grinder: guard on, never above rated speed, never a cracked wheel, light pressure; safety glasses; cotton or wool, never synthetics; water and sand at hand
• I7 confirmed Safety Charcoal fines blown into the tuyere can flash; fresh charcoal spread thin in the open 24 to 48 h with water at hand or it can heat and ignite in a bin
• I8 confirmed Safety Never quench an unknown steel in water: it cracks; warm oil
• I9 dropped Safety An undamped anvil takes the smith's hearing within a few years; silicone bed, chain, earmuffs regardless
• K1 confirmed Safety The oil quench flares at the surface every time; the can is steel, tall, 5 litres or more, lidded, no water near; leave the blade in, lid on, never water on burning oil
• K2 amended Safety Molten iron on a damp mould or a drop of water in the crucible turns to steam a thousand times its volume and throws the iron back; everything dry, leather, face shield, …
• K3 unresolved Safety As-quenched blade is glass-hard and can shatter if dropped; temper within the hour or it can crack on the bench by itself
• K4 confirmed Safety Dust from natural stones and linings is respirable silica; wet work only
• K47 dropped Safety Oral edge: no tine or rim left sharp; mouth-contact roughness under 10 µm, 400 grit; a steel spoon is tinned or it rusts in the mouth; tine spring 5 to 8 N
• K5 amended Safety Carbon monoxide at the forge and zinc fume from galvanised steel apply here as before; zinc vaporises above 400 °C
• K6 confirmed Safety Never quench a file, spring or blade in water
• K7 unresolved Safety Scythe hung up, never laid down, never carried edge forward
• K8 unresolved Safety Steel struck below dull red (650 °C) cracks inside and breaks in the quench
• K9 dropped Safety Painted scrap carries lead into the iron and then into the food; enamel carries boron; stainless chromium
• W1 confirmed Safety Cu-ETP (wire, 200 to 400 ppm oxygen) blisters and crumbles above about 370 °C in a reducing fire; only Cu-DHP pipe goes in the charcoal forge
• W10 amended Safety Wedge half-angle must stay under the friction angle: oiled wood 0.35 to 0.39 gives a 19° limit; practice 10 to 12°; above it the cake springs the wedge out of the trough …
• W11 confirmed Safety Dressing a stone releases respirable quartz (silicosis): cut wet, outdoors, face covered; a cracked stone (dull ring) sheds grit; first flour after a dressing goes to …
• W2 unresolved Safety Lead-tin solder must be hacksawed off before any heat: liquid lead penetrates hot copper (hot shortness)
• W3 confirmed Safety Cadmium-bearing silver brazing rods give a toxic fume with no warning; use cadmium-free ISO 17672 alloys; spelter (60/40 brass) gives zinc fume
• W4 confirmed Safety Bare copper plus acid (vinegar, wine, tomato, apple, whey) gives verdigris, an emetic; every pan that meets acid is tinned
• W49 amended Safety Pewter: fine 95 to 99 % Sn with 1 to 4 % Cu; trifle 80 to 85 % Sn with 10 to 15 % Pb; ley 20 to 40 % Pb; reject above 1.8 % Pb; pre-1986 solders 50/50 and 60/40; …
• W5 confirmed Safety Sal ammoniac at tinning heat gives off ammonia and hydrogen chloride: work outdoors, wind at your back
• W50 amended Safety Lead assay: density (Sn 7.29, Pb 11.34 g/cm³, so 1.8 % Pb is about 1 % denser than tin), tin cry, streak on paper, melt (tin 232 °C, Sn-Pb eutectic 183 °C at 61.9 % Sn)
• W52 unresolved Safety Hot-dip tinning: 15 to 20 kg tin bath, 25 mm flux blanket of tallow with sal ammoniac, dwell 60 to 90 s; the same document offers 80 % ZnCl2 / 20 % NH4Cl and bars zinc …
• W6 amended Safety Tin must be block tin 99.9 % or better, no lead or cadmium; never solder, pewter or roofing sheet; German food law (LFGB) forbids lead and cadmium in tin linings
• W7 confirmed Safety A tinned pan is never heated empty: the lining melts at 232 °C and runs
• W8 amended Safety The jam pan goes unlined because sugar at that strength does not take copper
• W9 dropped Safety Linseed rags heat themselves and ignite at about 120 to 150 °C; lay flat outdoors or in a tin of water
• G1 confirmed Safety Sanitation rule: 55 °C held three consecutive days in an aerated static pile, or fifteen days with at least five turnings in a windrow
• G10 amended Safety The Rieselfelder soils are contaminated with cadmium, lead and other metals and much of the land is still unsafe for food crops; Hobrechtsfelde is grazed to keep metals …
• G11 amended Safety PFAS and microplastics pass through composting, digestion and vermicomposting unchanged; only source separation protects
• G12 dropped Safety Chlorinated water sterilises the filter; water over about 50 NTU must be settled first; the skin sleeps below 10 °C (15 to 30 % activity at 0 to 5 °C) and the housing …
• G2 amended Safety Ascaris eggs >99 % dead after three to seven weeks at 55 °C; they survive chlorination and drying and are the indicator organism
• G3 amended Safety Humanure compost rests a full year after the hot phase and goes only under fruit trees and grain, never under anything eaten raw
• G4 amended Safety Urine: sterile on leaving the body, hydrolyses to ammonia in a day or two; store a month closed, dilute 1:10, apply to soil not leaves, a month before harvest, never on …
• G5 amended Safety Immature compost carries ammonia, acetic, propionic and butyric acid and kills seedlings; cress germination index 60 % usable, 80 % clean; phytotoxicity gone by day 56 …
• G6 amended Safety Char made hot from dirty feedstock concentrates heavy metals and carries carcinogenic PAHs; EBC-Agro limits Pb <120, Cd <1.5, Cu <100, Zn <400, Ni <50 mg/kg, 16 EPA PAHs …
• G7 confirmed Safety A smouldering char pit gives off carbon monoxide; never cover with earth and leave, never indoors; quench with water
• G8 amended Safety Biosand filter removes >4 log helminths, 3 to 4 log protozoa, 1.5 to 2.5 log bacteria (95 to 99 %), 0.5 to 1.5 log viruses (70 to 90 %); it is not a steriliser and …
• G9 confirmed Safety Microcystin from summer pond algae survives hours of boiling; a ripe schmutzdecke degrades it slowly and poorly under 4 °C; a charcoal layer is the second barrier
• F1 amended Safety Ergot: alkaloids, gangrene/convulsions, St Anthony's fire; brine at ~1/6 salt (160 g/l) floats sclerotia, wash and dry at once; EU limit 0.5 mg/kg alkaloids in rye flour …
• F10 amended Safety Chickpea Ascochyta at 1.1 mm rain; do not save seed from affected plants; thiram/copper dressing kills inoculant
• F2 amended Safety Hot-water loose smut: 51–55 °C 10–20 min (Bench: 52 °C 15 min after 4 h cold soak), one degree over kills embryo; cold plunge
• F3 amended Safety Potato solanine from light; store dark 4–8 °C; discard green tubers; cure in dark
• F4 confirmed Safety Raw/slow-cooked beans: phytohaemagglutinin, boil hard 10 min
• F5 amended Safety Aflatoxin/ochratoxin in beans stored above 13–14 % / aw 0.65
• F6 amended Safety Potassium soap: KOH lye handling (add flakes to water), 55 g KOH for 250 g oil, pH ~9, >2 % burns, dusk, never on bloom, kills bees wet, hard water scum
• F66 amended Safety Hotbed: trench 60 cm × 1.40 m east-west, 10 cm gravel, horse manure 45 to 50 cm in 15 cm lifts at 55 to 60 % moisture, 5 cm buffer, 20 cm medium; passes 45 °C in 48 to …
• F7 confirmed Safety Chicory/dandelion roots concentrate Cd/Pb; city and roadside roots not to be drunk; acrylamide from roasting >120 °C, worse if root was chilled
• F71 amended Safety Tomato seed ferment 24 to 72 h, never over 72 (sprouting), pH 3.8 to 4.2; hot-water seed treatment 50 °C (value lost, standard) 20 min brassica, 25 min carrot and …
• F8 amended Safety Scythe: peened edge, hone every few minutes; injury risk; lay 2–3 cm
• F9 confirmed Safety Late blight shared by potato and tomato; keep apart; eaves/fleece
• O1 amended Safety Fox tapeworm: eggs on low leaves/berries, 190 days in soil, 10–15 yr latency, liver 98 %, ~41 cases 2022; washing and −20 °C useless; 70–80 °C ≥5 min kills; cook …
• O10 confirmed Safety Pear on quince: prunasin → HCN at union kills join; unknown wild roots may do the same
• O11 unresolved Safety Grafting knife cuts toward the thumb; cut away from the body
• O12 amended Safety Mugwort and ground ivy contraindicated in pregnancy; yarrow 1.5–4 g/150–250 ml up to 4×/day (EMA); horseradish/chicory contraindications
• O2 amended Safety Hemlock family: Conium (purple-blotched hairless stem, mousy smell, Socrates), Cicuta (chambered rhizome, yellow sap, parsnip smell, "kills in an hour"), Aethusa …
• O3 amended Safety Wild garlic look-alikes: Convallaria, Colchicum, Arum all lethal/severe; smell test fails by olfactory fatigue; Brandenburg Red List Cat. 1, picking forbidden
• O4 amended Safety Raw acorn tannins strip stomach, renal failure; leach cold 3–10 days or hot in hours; floaters have weevils
• O5 amended Safety Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: comfrey, borage, coltsfoot, ragwort; 3–4 plants/ha spoils 1,000 kg; 85–100 % transfer; EU 2020/2040 limits; comfrey topical only
• O6 amended Safety Heavy metals: dandelion, nettle, plantain accumulate Pb/Cd; no verges, railways, brownfields
• O7 confirmed Safety Elder: raw berries and green parts cyanogenic; cook berries
• O8 confirmed Safety Dried herbs carry Salmonella, E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus; drying is no kill step; cold brew only with pasteurised herbs; botulism in sealed low-acid brews
• O9 amended Safety Mushrooms: Brandenburg pine forest boletes/chanterelles; Chernobyl Cs-137 still present; Pilzberater; death cap
• A1 amended Safety Zoonoses: Germany brucellosis-free 2000, bovine TB-free 1997, worthless without testing; Q fever in the Mark; Listeria from silage and soft cheese kills the unborn; …
• A10 amended Safety Lidocaine max 8–10 mg/kg cattle, 4–6 mg/kg sheep and goats; cornual block 5–10 ml of 2 % solution, 10 min; the one drug worth keeping with calcium
• A11 amended Safety Sow: >80 % of first-72-h piglet deaths are crushing; farrowing rail 25 cm out and 25 cm up; creep 32–35 °C falling to 25 by end of week one; sow 18–20 °C; savaging by …
• A12 amended Safety Calving: intervene after two hours of stage II without progress; chain double half-hitch above and below fetlock; pull straight back then down to hocks; two to three …
• A13 amended Safety Colostrum 3–4 l (10 % BW) within 2 h, second feed at 12 h, gut closure absolute by 24–36 h; calf that missed it scours and dies in week three; scours: 1 l warm water, …
• A14 amended Safety Avian influenza housing orders (Stallpflicht) every autumn since 2016, virus enzootic in wild birds of the Mark; roof and wild-duck-free trough the defence; three hens …
• A15 amended Safety Red mite: diatomaceous earth LT50 31–34 h, dust bath 70 % sand 30 % soil with DE and ash, repeat every 7–10 days three times; lime-wash cracks; coccidiosis oocysts …
• A16 amended Safety Whey from salted cheese poisons a pig without other water (salt toxicity); raw potato and sprouts carry solanine and raw starch passes unused, boil and discard water; …
• A2 amended Safety Trichinella: killed at 62.2 °C instantly, 60 °C 1 min, 55 °C 6 min; freezing unreliable (T. nativa); cook pork to 70 °C core; Virchow 1866 life cycle and Prussian …
• A3 confirmed Safety Swill: EU ban on all catering and household kitchen waste to pigs; UK FMD 2001 from uncooked swill, six million animals; household rule after the fall: boil an hour, …
• A4 amended Safety African swine fever in Brandenburg wild boar from September 2020, still present, ~100 % lethal to pigs, no vaccine, not a human disease; one pig, fenced from woods, no …
• A5 amended Safety Bloat: wet clover on empty stomach, left flank, kills in an hour; walk, stick across mouth, 0.5 l vegetable oil or paraffin; trocar at highest point left flank, a hand …
• A6 amended Safety Milk fever: down day after calving, cold ears, head to flank; calcium borogluconate under skin in four sites warmed to blood heat, up in an hour; Schmidt 1897 udder …
• A68 amended Safety Acorns and oak leaves kill sheep (kidney); goats eat them without harm
• A69 amended Safety Q fever precautions: cloth over mouth at every birth, afterbirth and bedding buried in quicklime or ash, milk for the vulnerable held half an hour at a heat the hand …
• A7 amended Safety Nitrate NO3-N ppm DM: <1,500 safe; 1,500–5,000 half the ration with safe hay; 5,000–9,000 a third; >9,000 never; frosted, drought-stressed or over-manured green crops; …
• A74 unresolved Safety Limewater: 1 kg slaked lime per 15 l boiled cooled hard water, lime into water; eggs under 24 to 36 h, unwashed, candled, points down, 5 to 8 cm cover, lard film, 8 to …
• A76 amended Safety Salmonella killed at 70 °C held 2 min throughout; never wash an egg (cuticle); a warm egg into cold water draws contamination through the pores; onset 6 to 72 h; dirty, …
• A8 amended Safety Acorns poison cattle and sheep (kidney), pigs and goats tolerant; antidote 10 % hydrated lime in feed; the Broker's answer a fence
• A9 amended Safety Comfrey external use only (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, liver); wormwood contains thujone, old wormers killed animals; library gives no dose for any herb
• B1 amended Safety Frontal landmark: lines from lateral canthus to opposite horn base, shoot 1–2 cm above the crossing, midline, muzzle flat and 90° to bone, aimed at spine; poll shot …
• B10 amended Safety Specified risk material: cattle >12 months skull, brain, eyes, spinal cord, tonsils; >30 months vertebral column; intestines all ages; cord lifted out with a hooked …
• B11 amended Safety Gullet tied twice before opening; bung ringed, drawn out, tied and bagged first (EHEC 35 % → 1.7 %, "twenty-fold"); midline opened with two fingers inside ahead of the …
• B12 unresolved Safety Hoist: gambrel through hind tendons, four-fall block and tackle, beam or larch tripod rated for a tonne, three people on the rope; a gutted 500 kg cow still ~300 kg; …
• B13 amended Safety Scald safety: 200 l at 62 °C from a 50 l copper lit at four; over-scald >62–63 °C cooks skin and sets bristles (only remedy skin the pig), under 58 no release, loosening …
• B14 unresolved Safety Fat fire: tallow catches at ~200 °C and above, a wood fire under an unwatched kettle reaches it in minutes; lid or sand, never water (fireball); kettle never left, never …
• B15 amended Safety Broth is a two-day food: boiled again every day or reduced by nine tenths to a glaze; a warm pot overnight is the botulism jar of Ch 12, thrown out not boiled
• B16 confirmed Safety Blood: bowl under the wound before the knife is out, stirred 5 min with 1 tbsp salt/l until cool, clots in a minute unstirred, 3–4 l from a 100 kg pig, used same day; …
• B17 unresolved Safety Kochwurst safety: blood sausage cooked at 80 °C never boiling 60–90 min until it weeps clear; keeps a week in the cold, longer smoked; bursts if boiled or filled tight; …
• B18 amended Safety Hanging without a chiller: industry ≤7 °C core within 20–24 h; yard 0–4 °C 7–10 days, 10 °C 3 days, above 15 do not kill; flies stop below 10 °C, muslin door, halves not …
• B19 unresolved Safety Lye and lime: wood-ash lye burns, eyes covered; 1 kg tallow ≈ 140 g NaOH or 200 g KOH; egg-float test (coin-width cap); slaked lime 1 kg/20 l burns eyes and skin, …
• B2 confirmed Safety Stun signs: immediate collapse, no righting, tonic then clonic paddling (spinal, not feeling), no corneal/palpebral reflex, tongue out, no rhythmic breathing; failed: …
• B20 confirmed Safety Anthrax: a hide from an animal that died on its own of nothing visible is not skinned; anthrax spores in old grazing soil and in a hide for years; such an animal is not …
• B21 unresolved Safety Children behind the fence for the shot and the stick, stirring the blood, carrying the soup; not in the kitchen during rendering; every person's place fixed before the …
• B22 amended Safety Burial of slaughter waste forbidden (TierNebG); knacker (Tierkörperbeseitigung) route; after the fall burn what the law says to burn, bury the rest deep away from the …
• B3 amended Safety Cartridge colours differ by maker, read the box; too light a charge the commonest failure; spring (non-penetrating) bolt fails on 29 % of bulls, not for cattle, adequate …
• B4 amended Safety Stick within 60 s by law, 30 by the book; thoracic stick (base of neck above breastbone, to the heart, in to hilt, out cutting) preferred over neck cut (carotids …
• B5 amended Safety Pithing rod 60–100 cm forbidden for food animals (BSE); kicking managed by standing at the head end; nobody at the hind end
• B6 confirmed Safety Pig stun: bolt on light charge a finger above the line between the eyes, midline, aimed at tail; stick within 15 s (industry limit for head-only electrical, adopted for …
• B7 confirmed Safety Hammer/Kopfschlag: universal Hausschlachter method until the 1930s bolt gun; forbidden by TierSchlV for animals over 5 kg (allowed for poultry, rabbits, small animals); …
• B8 amended Safety Cervical dislocation manual only under 3 kg and max 70 birds/person/day (Reg 1099/2009 Annex I); done once and firmly; neck cut both sides below the jaw, bleed 90–120 s; …
• B9 amended Safety Trichinella: every part of an untested pig cooked to 70 °C at centre; no raw Mett, cold-smoked raw sausage or air-dried ham from an untested pig; dies in 1 min at 60, at …
• E1 confirmed Safety Fish must be stunned before killing (TierSchlV § 12/13); blow to the head behind the eyes with a priest, then gill cut (Kiemenschnitt) or heart stab (Herzstich); never …
• E10 amended Safety Cyanobacteria toxin (microcystin) passes a cloth, survives boiling, has killed dogs on Berlin lakes in recent summers; no bathing, no drinking, gut fish at once and burn …
• E11 unresolved Safety Garden pond the commonest drowning site for small children in Germany; drowns in a minute in 20 cm silently; fence 1.2 m with child-proof gate from the day it holds water
• E12 unresolved Safety Ice: walk only on ≥ 15 cm clear black ice on still water, never on rivers, inflows, outlets or reeds, never alone; rescue from the bank with ladder, plank, pole or rope; …
• E13 amended Safety Fish-handler's infection (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Fischrose): red hot lesion with spreading line within a day; not to be waited out; perch spines, zander gill …
• E14 confirmed Safety Brandenburg: traps, weirs, nets and unattended multi-hook set lines forbidden for anglers; fine and loss of licence; only licensed professional fishers on named waters
• E15 confirmed Safety Fischereischein: Brandenburg issues without exam for Friedfisch since 2006 on payment of Fischereiabgabe; exam needed for Raubfisch; Berlin requires exam for all; …
• E16 amended Safety Closed seasons and minimum sizes: Brandenburg pike closed 1 Jan–30 Apr, 45 cm; zander closed to 31 May, 45 cm; eel 50 cm; trout closed autumn/winter; Berlin near but not …
• E17 unresolved Safety Eel critically endangered (IUCN); glass-eel recruitment a few per cent of 1980 levels; EU Eel Regulation 1100/2007
• E18 amended Safety Grass, silver and bighead carp not native; do not breed in still water; not legally released into open waters in Germany
• E19 unresolved Safety Winter hole: never hammer on the ice (stuns fish); straw or reed bundle frozen in lets gas out; sweep snow for light
• E2 amended Safety Eel: salt bath as killing method banned as cruelty; law's method blow to head then spine cut behind the head (Genickschnitt); moves after death
• E20 unresolved Safety Fire outside a wooden smokehouse: single point of failure; barrel smoker fire management; never resinous wood (turpentine, tar)
• E3 amended Safety Broad fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum in pike, perch, burbot; adult up to 10 m in the human gut; from raw or lightly cured fish and roe; historically common on …
• E4 amended Safety Cat liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus in cyprinids (roach, bream, tench, carp) in eastern Europe and along the Oder, infects the human liver for decades from raw, …
• E5 amended Safety Both parasites killed by cooking to 60 °C at the bone, by freezing at −20 °C for 24 h through, or by heavy long salting; not by light brine, vinegar, dill or cold smoke
• E6 amended Safety Anisakis rule: −20 °C for ≥ 24 h or −35 °C for ≥ 15 h, EU Reg. 1276/2011 amending 853/2004; marine only
• E7 confirmed Safety Clostridium botulinum type E (and non-proteolytic B, F) in the mud and fish gut of fresh waters; grows and makes toxin at 3.3 °C without air; hot-smoked fish not …
• E8 confirmed Safety Household rule: hot-smoked fish 4–5 days in the cellar in open air, 2 on the summer table; never a sealed jar, bag or under oil; keep for months only as salt-dried fish …
• E9 unresolved Safety Spree/Havel eel: state consumption advice on dioxins and PCBs (and recently PFAS); lean fish (pike, perch, zander) carry far less; pond fish none the household did not …
• S1 amended Safety Pink curing salt (6.25 % NaNO₂) at 2.5 g per kg meat, never more than 3 g; about 150 ppm ingoing nitrite
• S2 amended Safety Saltpetre (KNO₃) 1.5 to 3 g per kg only in cures of four weeks or more
• S3 amended Safety Vitamin C at 0.5 g per kg; rose hip or sea buckthorn as substitute
• S4 amended Safety Strong brine 18 to 20 % for pork and fish; pork about 2 days per kg of thickness; fish 2 to 4 h fillets, 12 to 24 h whole
• S5 confirmed Safety Light brine 3.5 to 5 % of total weight for lacto-fermentation
• S6 amended Safety Cheese brine: saturated, soured with whey or vinegar, calcium salt added; unsoured brine gives slimy rind; 6 to 12 h per kg
• S7 amended Safety Road salt and softener salt are safe to eat after washing and boiling down; anti-caking agents safe at use levels
• C1 amended Safety Water bath: 10 min for jams and pickles in half-litre jars; 20 to 25 min for whole fruit and acidified tomatoes in litre jars; 5 min more per 300 m altitude; tomatoes …
• C2 amended Safety Pressure canner: 116 °C at 0.7 bar (10 psi) at sea level; vent 10 min; meat and stock in litre jars 90 min; beans, carrots, beetroot 25 to 30 min; restart timing if …
• C3 confirmed Safety Boil every home-canned low-acid jar hard for 10 min before eating
• C4 amended Safety Discard signs (lifted lid, leak, cloudiness, bubbles, spurting, off smell); disposal by burning or deep burial; wash surfaces with lye water
• C5 amended Safety Botulinum spores survive boiling for hours; pH 4.6 line; 116 to 121 °C kills spores; a few millionths of a gram of toxin kills an adult; toxin destroyed by boiling
• C6 amended Safety Never reuse a rubber ring that has sealed a low-acid jar; keep three spare sets; stop pressure canning when rings run out
• C7 amended Safety Dead chest freezer as first-winter cellar: motor and refrigerant pipes must be removed
• C8 amended Safety Sprouted potatoes are safe once sprouts and any green are cut away
• R1 amended Safety Sauerkraut 20 g salt per kg (18 to 30 range); brined vegetables 35 to 50 g per kg total; 18 to 22 °C first week then cellar
• R2 amended Safety Vinegar must reach 5 % acetic acid to preserve; cider at 5 to 8 % alcohol; "wait two weeks beyond" rule
• R3 amended Safety Yoghurt: 85 °C 30 min, cool to 42 to 45 °C, 4 to 8 h; hand tests for temperature
• R4 amended Safety Mould on brine surface: skim if vegetables submerged, brine still safe
• M1 amended Safety Milk for the vulnerable: 63 °C held 30 min with stirring; the finger cue for 63 °C; raw-milk hazards (Coxiella, Listeria, Brucella, E. coli O157)
• M10 amended Safety Mascarpone: cream about 25 % fat to 85 to 90 °C; vinegar 20 to 30 ml/l; drain 20 to 24 h; eat within 3 days; about 700 g per litre
• M2 amended Safety Strip cup test; milk from a flaky, clotted or bloody quarter is never used for cheese
• M3 amended Safety Milk at body heat doubles its bacteria every 20 min; keeps 2 days at 10 °C, most of a week at 4 °C
• M4 amended Safety Mozzarella kept at most 3 days in light soured brine (15 to 20 g/l); Listeria grows in the cold and endangers the pregnant and the old
• M5 amended Safety Cheese brine: saturated, soured with whey, calcium added, skimmed, never discarded; wheel 12 h per kg
• M6 amended Safety Mould rules: brush blue and green off dry; cut away black and pink; discard a slipped bloomy rind; mites mean brushing outdoors and lye on the boards
• M7 amended Safety Ghee at 110 to 120 °C, never past 150 °C; keeps a year dark and cool; about 30 min per kg
• M8 amended Safety Only tinned copper, glazed earthenware, steel or scalded wood; bare copper spoils milk within the hour
• M9 amended Safety Calf vell: salt at 15 % of its weight plus half its weight in water, 18 to 21 °C, 3 to 7 days; dry below 21 °C; grind 1:8 in sour whey with 4 to 5 % salt; keeps 6 months …
• D1 amended Safety A pot still does not separate methanol from ethanol; drinking heads can blind or kill; fruit high in pectin (apple, plum, pear) makes more methanol than grain
• D10 amended Safety Honey must never be boiled; a boiled must poisons the yeast (HMF) and loses scent; dissolve at no hotter than 40 °C
• D11 amended Safety Weisse variant: sour unboiled wort with a handful of crushed raw malt and a spoonful of sour-crock brine at 35 to 40 °C for a day, then pitch beer yeast
• D12 amended Safety Bee stings: not in this draft, but the Bench sends readers to the bee document's colony numbers without a sting warning; consider adding
• D2 unresolved Safety Discard the first 50 ml of every 10 litres of wash as heads; run a solvent-smelling spirit again cutting the first 100 ml
• D3 amended Safety Ethanol vapour ignites above a flame; a sealed still is a bomb; never seal a still; water bath or gentle fire, never a bare flame under a thin pot
• D4 amended Safety Distilling without a licence is a crime in Germany and the licence is not a formality
• D5 amended Safety Copper still: plumbing grade (Cu-DHP) not wire (Cu-ETP); joints riveted or silver-soldered, never lead solder; cut off every old solder joint; scrub black film after …
• D6 amended Safety Bottles burst when bottled with residual sugar or over-primed; bottle only when hydrometer steady for a fortnight; prime at no more than 5 g sugar per litre; gloves and …
• D7 amended Safety Pine needles: from a tree that is certainly a pine and not a yew; yew and some ornamental conifers are lethal look-alikes
• D8 amended Safety Any herb picked low to the ground gets hot water for at least five minutes against the fox tapeworm; eggs survive freezing
• D9 confirmed Safety No comfrey in a cup (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, liver damage)
• T1 amended Safety Lye (KOH/K2CO3 from ash, causticised with lime) burns skin slowly and painlessly at first, blinds in the eye; strong clear lye looks like water; first aid water in …
• T10 unresolved Safety Free alkali in finished soap burns hands and rots cloth; tongue "zap" test; cook with more fat
• T11 confirmed Safety Pit fire produces carbon monoxide and dense smoke: outdoors only, never in a shed or under a roof (implicit in Bench 2; make explicit in draft 2)
• T12 confirmed Safety Slaked-lime dust and causticised ash are caustic to lungs and eyes; mixing lime into ash done outdoors, eyes covered
• T2 confirmed Safety Potash/lye into water, never water onto potash (exothermic spitting); eye covering, sleeves, mittens, vinegar jug and water bucket before starting; nobody under twelve …
• T3 confirmed Safety Lye stored lidded, labelled, high shelf, never in a bottle that ever held a drink; children taught the sign
• T4 amended Safety Lead glaze melts at pit temperatures (700–800 °C) and leaches into acid food (vinegar, wine, kraut, fruit); Devonshire colic (cider), saturnism; unknown or chipped …
• T48 unresolved Safety Pit fire under turf 650 to 850 °C; cross-draught kiln 28 h to temperature, 36 to 48 h cooling, opened only below 80 °C; quartz inversion 573 °C both ways and …
• T5 confirmed Safety Linseed-oil rags self-heat as the oil cures and ignite spontaneously; lay flat outside or put in water
• T54 amended Safety Bottle cutting: single score, oil-soaked string burnt about a minute, cold-water plunge, wet grinding, no fire polish without annealing; lead crystal rings 3 to 6 s, …
• T59 unresolved Safety Horn: boil 60 to 90 min, strip 18 by 4.5 cm by 3 mm in hot tallow 15 to 20 min, pressed 10 to 15 min, edge scraped to 1 mm; beaker plugged with a wooden disc (book's …
• T6 unresolved Safety Beeswax flash/ignition ~200 °C and above; render in water bath, never over a bare flame reaching a dry pot; never water on burning wax
• T7 unresolved Safety Candle in a catching dish or stick, a hand's breadth from hangings, never left in an empty room, put out by pinch or snuffer not breath
• T8 confirmed Safety Burning tallow gives acrolein (chip-pan smell) and soot; tallow not for a shut room; beeswax for the table
• T9 confirmed Safety Never open a hot pit or pour water on it; 573 °C quartz inversion (1–2 % volume change) cracks pots if passed fast on heating or cooling; damp pots explode
• J1 confirmed Safety Never dig an unlined hole deeper than the waist in sand; sand collapses without warning and kills in seconds; dig by the sinking method, ring by ring; never alone; if …
• J2 confirmed Safety Well at least 30 m from and uphill of privy, midden, pig and stall; sand filters nothing; nitrate from manure reaches the well within a season; nitrate causes …
• J3 confirmed Safety Water for infants and the sick boiled from any well; the village's cleanest well is the one furthest from stalls and middens
• J4 amended Safety Bad air in a well: lower a lamp first, if the flame dies nobody goes down; rope on the person who descends; two people
• J5 confirmed Safety Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) in a wet rye harvest: black horns in the ear; discard every sheaf with them; never grind it
• J6 unresolved Safety Scythe carried blade down and behind; stone moved away from the edge; nobody inside the arc
• J7 amended Safety When the last canner gasket hardens canning is over; low-acid food is salted, smoked, dried, soured or cellared, never sealed (botulism)
• J8 unresolved Safety The three narrows demand daylight-to-dark heavy labour at 490 kcal/h in June to August heat: water, salt (Ch 11's 8.5 kg is for the year), rest at midday, and the risk …
• W34 confirmed Species: apple, pear, cherry (antimicrobial, knife finish); birch the Scandinavian staple; sycamore the English treen wood (no taste); ash for handles; beech T/R 2.15 …
• W53 amended Dough trough: log 500 to 600 × 1,200 mm, walls 18 to 22 mm (diagram 18 to 20), dried 4 to 6 months to about 14 % moisture, 12.5 h of work, 40 to 60 years of life, never …
• G29 confirmed Per adult per day: 90 g dry organic matter, 10 to 12 g N, 2 g P, 3 g K; urine carries 70 to 80 % of N and most K, about 1.42 l/day; faeces carry the C, fibre, P and the …
• O42 unresolved Beech mast: oil, fagin mildly toxic in quantity, lamp oil and hunger years
• B51 confirmed Broker: 13 documents ≤5 witnesses (46→45, 47→46, 48→47, 49/61/62→46, 53→52, 54→52, 57→56, 129→47, 52's Trichinella from 50); 750–1,500 hogs/h; household steps from a …
• B55 confirmed Storage: stoneware crock with lid in the cellar, tallow a year, lard 6–9 months, salt layer on top; enemies light, warmth, air, iron/copper; rancid = paint smell, not …
• E56 confirmed Cold smoke ≤ 30–33 °C, no kill, safety by salt, freezing and cold; hot smoke Torry three steps 30 °C 30–60 min, 50 °C 30–45 min, 80 °C to core; core blank in source; …
• C21 amended Justinus Kerner, Wildbad, about 200 cases of sausage poisoning described 1817 to 1822; the therapeutic guess
• T23 confirmed Tableware woods: birch, sycamore, maple, lime, alder, cherry, pear (diffuse-porous) good; oak, ash, elm (ring-porous) hold food; yew and laburnum toxic; walnut juglone
• T38 partly confirmed Farmhouse great wash 2–3 times a year; bucking (Beuche) with ash lye poured through a cloth over the linen all night; boiling, beating, rinsing; sun bleaching on the …
• T39 confirmed Wood ash ~⅓ potash by weight (variable; often 10–30 % K2CO3); hardwood far richer than softwood; pine/spruce ash gives weak tarry lye; beech ash ~1 % of wood weight; Ch …
• T40 confirmed Leaching barrel: hole 5 cm above base, stones/sticks/straw, rainwater not well water (lime kills lye), 1 bucket ash → ¼ bucket lye, run again or boil down; 2–5 % slaked …
• T41 confirmed Egg test: fresh egg floats with a coin-sized patch = strong enough for soap; old egg floats in anything; feather dissolves in hot lye; for the wash the lye should be …
• T42 confirmed Soft soap: 1 kg tallow to 200 g potash (Ch 9) or 3–4 l egg-floating lye; tallow at 40–45 °C, lye in a stream, stir to trace, self-heating, 2–3 h to translucent jelly; …
• T57 confirmed Bleach cycle: lye with lime 8 to 12 h, grass 7 to 14 days wetted every 2 h, buttermilk sour 1 to 10 for 24 to 48 h, repeated 4 to 8 times, lye never over 3 % on cloth; …